Scientists have succeeded in sequencing the dog genome, an accomplishment that could lead to better health for humans combined with canines. A worldwide team of researchers have published their detailed analysis from the journal Nature.

"Of the more than 5,500 mammals living today, dogs are arguably the most remarkable," says senior author Eric Lander, PhD, director of the Broad Institute at of MIT and Harvard. He is a professor of biology at MIT and systems biology at Harvard Medical School, as well as a member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research.

"The incredible physical and behavioral diversity of dogs -from Chihuahuas to Great Danes - is encoded in their genomes. It can uniquely help us understand embryonic development, neurobiology, human disease and the basis of evolution," Dr. Lander notes.

Powerful Tool

"When likened to the genomes of human and other important organisms, your dog genome provides for a powerful tool for identifying genetic factors that lead to human health and disease," says Francis S. Collins, MD, PhD, director of the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), which supported the published research.

"This milestone is especially gratifying given it can even directly benefit veterinary researchers' efforts to better understand and treat diseases afflicting our loyal canine companions," Dr. Collins adds.

Humans domesticated the dog, Canis familiaris, from gray wolves as long as 100,000 years ago. As a result of selective breeding over the past few centuries, modern dog breeds present a model of diversity. From six-pound Chihuahuas to 120-pound Great Danes, from high-energy Jack Russell Terriers to mild-mannered basset hounds, and from Shetland sheepdogs with their herding instincts to pointers inclined to point, humans have bred dogs for desirable physical and behavioral traits.

Such breeding practices preserve preferred traits of a single generation in the next, but they also predispose many breeds of dogs to genetic disorders, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, blindness, cataracts, epilepsy, hip dysplasia and deafness.

The published research group found that while different breeds show amazing physical diversity, they frequently share large segments within their DNA, likely reflecting their recent shared origin. Consequently, genetic tools being developed within the Broad Institute and NHGRI for any one breed of dog are likely to be useful in genetic experiments in nearly any breed.

Evolutionary Tree

While dogs occupy a special place in human hearts, furthermore they sit at a key branch point, in accordance with humans, within the evolutionary tree. It had been already known that humans share much more of their ancestral DNA with dogs than with mice. The availability of the dog genome sequence has allowed researchers to spell it out a common set of genetic elements- representing about 5 percent belonging to the human genome- which were preferentially preserved among human, dog and mouse.

Instead of being distributed, most of these elements are crowded around just a small fraction within the genes within the genome. Future studies of these clusters may give scientists the critical insight needed to unravel how genomes work.

Elaine A. Ostrander, PhD, chief of NHGRI's Cancer Genetics Branch, is a co-author of the Nature paper, along with postdoctoral research fellows, Heidi G. Parker and Nate B. Sutter. In addition, Dr. Ostrander is the lead author of the white paper that sets forth the biomedical rationale for sequencing your favorite dog genome.

Dr. Ostrander's laboratory maps genes responsible for inclination towards cancer- including breast and prostate cancers- in canines and humans.

"The leading causes of death in dogs are a variety of cancers, and many of them are very similar biologically to human cancers." says Dr. Ostrander. "Using the dog genome sequence in combination with the human genome sequence will help researchers to narrow their search for many more of the genetic contributors underlying cancer and other major diseases."

Genetic Compass

Efforts to make the genetic tools deparately needed for mapping disease genes in dogs have gained momentum over the last 15 years, and already will include a partial survey of the poodle genome. Greater than eighteen months ago, Kerstin Lindblad-Toh, PhD, co-director of the genome sequencing and analysis program within the Broad Institute, and colleagues embarked on a two-part project to gather a whole map of the dog genome.

First, they acquired high-quality DNA sequence covering nearly 99 percent of the dog genome originating from a female boxer named Tasha. The boxer was chosen as a representative from the average purebred dog to generate what happens to be a reference sequence for any dog-genome community.

Using the sequence information as a genetic "compass," they navigated the genomes of 10 different dog breeds and other related canine species, including the gray wolf and the coyote.

The researchers identified roughly 2.5 million single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs, sprinkled throughout the dog genome. SNPs are variations in the DNA code, most of which bring about diseases or the overall health of a dog.

SNPs also can be used to cause a set of coordinates with which to survey genetic changes, both within and across dog breeds. These efforts revealed that individual breeds have maintained a number of genetic variability, despite their long history of restrictive breeding.

In practical terms, indicates future efforts to look for disease genes in dogs can be much narrower in scope than comparable human studies, requiring an inferior range of genetic markers and DNA samples collected from the blood or cheek from just a few hundred dogs.

Looking to find the best deal on Dog Disease, then visit www.therapydogtrainingtips.com to find the best advice on Canine Diseases for you.

categories: therapy dog training,dog training tips,canine training tips

Written by Mick Moore using tags: , ,

Therapy dog training is simply the process where we train our dog what we want the dog to do, repeating theses actions until it is has become habit, and then the action with various distractions produces a predictable response the majority of the time.

Therapy dogs must be social animals; not only with the people they meet, but with other dogs in their environment. The Webster Dictionary defines socializing as: Of or having to do with human beings in their living together. Friendly. Gregarious. Outgoing.

Socializing our dogs fits this definition of we include, along with human beings, other species. There are many things you can do to desensitize your dog so that he is more comfortable with people.

Handle your dog. Do cuddle with your dog. Do this when he is right side up, upside down and in all positions. Touch his ears, feet, especially and specifically, his toe nails. Be sure to touch his tail, belly and even his anus and vulva or penal sheath. Be sure to touch and rub his teeth, gums and tongue.

Another important thing to do is expose your therapy dog to different sounds like Doors slamming, hair dryers and Loud Bangs. Burst a balloon but be sure to be at a distance at first, gradually moving closer until your therapy dog is comfortable with the balloon popping very close. Bounce a ball on different surfaces; crumple a sack and those packing pouches that pop loudly when compressed.

Touching is important. Your therapy dog must be comfortable with all human contact. Be sure to have him feel the air from a fan or blow dryer. When you turn on blender or coffee and you see that your dog is no longer afraid, touch him with that hand to let him know he won't be hurt.

The vibration of the grinder is now combined with the sound. Begin combining the sounds and sensations and when your dog finally becomes comfortable with each of these, you can start touching your therapy dog, making sure to address space issues.

Your dog may be just fine with all of the above if it occurs in a large area. What happens if the space is limited? Be sure you can crowd your dog and still have him comfortable in a confined area.

Looking to find the best information on therapy dog training tips, then visit www.therapydogtrainingtips.com to find the best advice on therapy dog training tips for you.

categories: therapy dog training,dog training,puppy training,dog training tips

Written by Mick Moore using tags: , , , ,

Originally bred as a hunting dog for German nobility in the 1600's, the Weimaraner - occasionally called the "Grey Ghost" - is actually a distinctively colored dog usually weighing in at about 80 pounds. This particular breed of dog is very dynamic, loyal to its owner, aggressive toward other pets and animals and doesn't do well if left on its own for long time periods. Good quality Weimaraner training is going to prove invaluable for all people involved.

Always be attentive to the dog yet at the exact same time remain in charge. It is crucial for you to constantly take an alpha dog outlook toward this dog. Think about requesting that the dog sit just before you place his meal in front of him; it is possible to do this simply by pressing down politely but firmly around the tail. This breed is really intelligent and often will understand your intent quickly. This can be a positive step toward your establishing dominance.

These dogs are very energetic. Young children in their presence may possibly be subjected to pawing, jumping as well as other unbridled excitement. Your dog really should have two extended walks every day. It may well be a good plan to incorporate a toss and fetch session, perhaps using a tennis ball launcher, on a daily basis. It's going to be welcomed with excitement and may possibly offer you a great alternative to a walk.

Socialize your dog early and often. The more individuals he meets the far better off he will likely be. But the breed does not do well with other pets. The exception to this rule may possibly be the family cat, when the cat is a part of the dog's everyday life from the first puppy stages. If not, the behavioral instinct to chase, catch and subdue that was produced by hundreds of years of training and practical experience can take over and the dog will end up chasing.

Weimaraner training really should include acclimating the dog to your absence. Separation anxiety, which may possibly be indicated by too much barking or detrimental conduct, can and ought to be handled. You'll be able to train your dog to get over this by periodically taking breaks from your dog that grow progressively lengthier. Never make an effort to compensate by being very attentive before departing, or just after you return as that will reinforce the stress your dog will obviously feel while you happen to be gone. Yet you ought to be ready to not stay away much more than five or six hours at a time. When that's necessary, employ a sitter to stop by in the course of these extended periods to ensure the pet will have some human contact and get let outdoors. The sitter really should be acquainted with your dog before taking on this task.

It may possibly be best for the dog and its master to take an obedience training course. This endeavor calls for a professional who has the experience to carry out the job correctly. It's going to enhance the bond between dog and master.

The Weimaraner is really a fine and devoted breed. It has behavior qualities that should be thought about in the event you choose to add one in your life. Good quality Weimaraner training is necessary to both your dog and its two legged buddies if the experience is to be most rewarding.

Are you looking for more information on training a weimaraner? If you have any kind of behavioral issues, be sure to visit my site to learn more about how to train weimaraner dogs.

Written by Sandy Rutherforde using tags: , , , , , , ,

Some aggressive dogs start off seeming to be shy, and if this describes your dog, be warned that aggression starts off this way. You'll want to nip this in the bud and prevent any injury to children or other pets. What you should start off with are some solid dog training tips, and here are four that many keep your dog from being put to sleep.

1. Train regularly If you want your dog to become more secure in who he is, then you'll need to have regular training. Every dog will be facing some sort of fear or anxiety, whether from another dog or strange person, or unfamiliar place. Because of this, you should have a controlled environment where your dog can face these fears. For instance, meet up with a friend when you take your dog out, and have your friend feed your pet a treat. This will encourage your pet to become more secure.

2. Socialization is key Aggressive dogs aren't usually the social type, they tend to be shy around other dogs out of fear, and the aggression is a way to express that fear. Of course you can change that trend in your pet if you train it to enjoy other dogs' company. You'll begin by having your dog on the leash while you're out in an area with other dogs around - but you don't want to overwhelm your pet, just a few other dogs will do. Be sure these aren't aggressive dogs, and if your dog shows any aggressive behavior, just give the leash a yank or two to get the point across.

3. Stay away from aggressive dogs You don't ever want to expose your dog to another aggressive dog, especially if it's an older dog. The way dogs think is that the older dog will lead yours into bad behavior. It's the same with people: bad company corrupts good character. Just surround your pet with other animals that exhibit the traits that you want him to emulate. In so doing, you can be sure that your pet is getting some good influences.

4. Get your dog a training muzzle The fourth of the dog training tips is to go and buy a muzzle to teach your dog obedience, but also to teach social skills. You'll need to train your dog to accept the muzzle, so you want to put it on your pet when you're about to go play outside or right before you feed him. Once accustomed to the muzzle without hesitation, you want to use it to train. This is a stop-gap, you'll only use it provisionally until your dog is a bit more under your control without it.

For more information on how to Professionally Train Your Dog please visit our complete set of resources and additional articles, including a Free Special Report at How To Train My Dog.

Written by Jacob Michaels using tags: , ,

Are you dog training? It doesn't matter what dog issues you're trying to overcome - potty training a puppy, training an aggressive dog, etc. -training is a necessary part of dog ownership. By now you should be warned that half the time it isn't your dog's fault that he's behaving in his mutt-like fashion, he's a dog. Use these 5 tips in order to maximize your training efforts.

1. Be patient and be successful

Of all the suggestions you read here, you'll keep coming back to this basic issue: real training happens when the owner is most patient. Animals don't change in a heartbeat, they have a lot of obstacles to overcome (language and animal instinct, to name the top two). You will not train any dog if you're not patient.

2. Consistency is king

It might take your dog a while to learn these new habits and commands, and being consistent will go far in achieving that goal. If you simply train sporadically, then your pet will forget everything you've done. Worse yet, he will become confused altogether. It only takes about 15-30 minutes per day to teach a dog something new. You can teach them out of a problem and teach them a cool pet trick for the Late Show With David Letterman.

3. Keep it positive

When your pet senses your negative attitude, you've just lost his trust. You want to be free from frustration and realize you won't get anything done without being a positive trainer. If you want to maximize your time and efforts, be encouraging and not discouraging. Reinforce their good behavior for the best dog training.

4. You will need to use what is best for your dog

There are so many different kinds of programs and techniques promising that you need to do things a single way or the highway. The truth is, not all dogs are created equal. You may find that you'll have to search and try out several methods until you have hit the right one for your pet's temperament and personality.

5. Enjoy training

Fifthly, if you want to maximize your efforts at dog training, you need to have fun with your pet. This should be a positive time that both of you love, where you both bond and enjoy the experience. As long as you keep your sessions to around 15-30 minutes every day, then your pet will also enjoy the time and dig what you're teaching, versus dig the rose bushes. Use toys and other things your dog loves, and both of you will have an easier time.

To get all your questions answered about Training Tips For Dogs, visit Dog Training Secrets and claim your free special Report. See more articles, product reviews, surveys and videos at Dog Training Tips Online.

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Tested Dog Training Tips: Knowing a Dog's Training Needs

In order to properly develop a dog's behavior, it is imperative to consider the importance of tested dog training tips. Every dog owner needs to train his dog. It is his primary responsibility to keep his dog's well being and protection. The first step you should undertake before putting your dog through a training regimen is to evaluate what particular behavioral improvement your dog needs. Knowing what your dog needs will help you to provide it with the training that improves its behavior. Many dog owners believe that dogs can think and develop ideas. This is not true because dogs don't have minds of their own. It merely responds to the situations that you set before them. It simply behaves like a dog that wants to be a part of the household. In the wild, this social order is called a pack.

Scolding or yelling at your dog is not a wise thing to do if it misbehaves. The way to rectify a dog's undesirable behavior is to focus on realistic ways to alter its responses.

Core Dog Training Tips

Dog training has many approaches. A good way is to apply the training that will correct your dog's evident behavioral flaws, to be followed by trainings that will teach it new skills. Here are some dog training types to consider:

Crate Training - this form of training entails a crate that the dog can claim as his "home". The dog should be made to consider the crate as his place of rest or sanctuary, rather than a means of punishment. You should spend time with the dog while he is in the crate to make him feel relaxed in it, as it is an effective housebreaking tool; it can also reduce your dog's anxiety and stress.

Leash Training - this is the type of training that puts you in complete control over the dog and your dog will realize it. This training is actually meant to remove your dog's leash issues while you are walking it. A dog will follow your commands if you can control it. The leash training also requires that your dog be made to learn to execute basic commands such as sit and wait. A dog should know how to sit and wait by your side otherwise it will keep on pulling on the leash or run around.

The Alpha Position - you are your dog's master. You've got to be in complete control and authority over it, and you have to demonstrate that dominance so that your dog will follow you. Teach the dog new ways to respond to you based on this order. You should remember that it is your duty to teach your dog; it is not your dog's obligation to learn.

Obedience Training - it is a class that teaches not only the dogs but their masters as well. This training emphasizes the importance of the owner's alpha leadership position and to impose his authority over the dog. This will teach the dog who is in control. Obedience training is necessary for dogs with submission issues.

The Importance of Consistency

All dog training guides emphasize consistency as a way to maintain a dog's learned skill. Dogs are smart in countless ways, but the skills they learn are mere responses to repeated stimuli. You should be consistent in repeating what you have trained your dog to perform otherwise they will stop obeying your commands. Good dog training is a challenging job, but it is a fulfilling one. You should not deprive your dog of training if you want to shape their behavior very nicely.

Find out more about Tested Dog Training Tips in his website about Dog Behavior Training.

Written by Stan Beck using tags: , , , , ,

Most people adored dogs so much. That's why most of these people would want only the best for their dogs and this include by sending them to training. However, sending them to dog obedience training would mean cost. Sometimes costs equivalent to your electric bill. But this cost can be avoided if you have ways to training your dog. Ways that could be helpful to you and to your dog. We send them to training so that we would depend on dog in times of house attacks and of course to have lasting relationship with our dogs. So let this article be of help to you and your dog.

This article will allow you to training your dog in easy yet effective way. Dog training can only be easy when you have love, patience and dedication. So it's not only dogs are player here but also you the owner and trainer. Here are the easy yet effective ways:

1. Reward your dog. In training, you always have to have method that would be most effective to you and your dog. Most experts recommend using rewards method. This would allow your dog to be motivated to do better in training. When your dog accomplishes something, then you need to reward your dog. In the event that your dog commits mistake, do you hit them as punishment. You can still have punishment but do you hit them because that will only lead to refusal in training.

2. Use simple commands. When teaching your dogs some tricks, it is important to teach them using simple commands like sit and stand. These simple dog leashes will also let them follow you in no confusion. Another reason we teach them these is to take them in control whenever you are in crowded places to avoid embarrassment.

3. Use voice with compassion. When giving commands to your dogs, it is a must to use firm voice. Remember that your voice is the most important tool in training because that is what they follow. Your voice should be firm and of course with compassion. You should show some love in your voice when giving commands. What you should avoid is the aggressive voice. This will give them an idea that you are not in good mood and that they might be challenged.

4. You need to be consistent with your training. So you must set some standards in order for you to be consistent at all times to avoid confusion. When you have standards set on training, then it should be easy for you to be consistent. All you need to do is to follow what is written on you guidelines and you will never go wrong.

Dog obedience training could be easy when you will follow these easy yet effective ways. But then again, this is not an activity that your dog is the only player because this should be you and your dog. It takes love, respect and passion for you to be successful in this dog obedience training.

Anne Castle is an experienced Shih Tzu dog trainer who reflects her personal style of training through the articles she writes about Shih Tzu dog training and behaviors. Find out more about "Dog Obedience Training" and get your eBook FREE at http://www.shihtzudogtraining.com/free-report/.

Written by Anne Castle using tags: , ,

Most of us want that our dog would fit in better with us and with our family. This is why we need to take our dog to obedience training for dogs. But that could be expensive in our part. While we can make our own training with our dog, we have come up with useful ways in training our dogs to make them part of us.

But before we go further with the training tips, let me ask you a question. Do you have love, passion and respect for dogs? Do you want them to your friend? If your answers to these questions are yes, then you are good to go to training your dogs. Otherwise, you may find this training to be hard for you and you will just end up with frustrations. For desirable results, allow us to give you some pointers for effective training your dogs.

Keep your dog calm and gentle. You can do this when you will bring variables in every training you do. Variables may mean another animal or your friends. Just make sure that these variables will not be destruction on your training. We only do this just for the dog to get used with the environment. When they are used to that environment, then they will be gentler and calmer.

Let your dog know that you are a leader. Dogs are assertive and will look for a leader. So let them know that you are the leader and they are the follower. But do not overdo that by showing to your dog that you are the boss. Sometimes dogs do not want to be bossed around. So when you make commands, it is best to execute it with compassion.

Then, you also need to maintain the discipline in training. This is not only applicable to the dogs but to you as well. It is just normal to commit mistakes on training, but when that happens, you should not punish or hurt the dog. If you will punish them, chances are they will avoid the training and you will not achieve your goal. Instead, it is advisable to reverse your method. Why not reward them in every command accomplished instead of punishing them? In that way, they will be motivated to do well on training.

Let your dog socialize. This is the time when you will let your dog interact with another dog and to other people. Interacting to them will have them the chance to get accustomed to people and therefore this will make them comfortable with people.

5. Be consistent with your training. Remember that it will always boils down to you because you are his trainer and that is your responsibility to your dog. And because you are his leader, you are the best person to command your dog and you must be consistent with that to avoid confusions with the dog.

Have a lot of patience. As mentioned, you need this to keep your training well. Remember that dogs do not have the same capacity as humans so you need to extend your patience. After all patience is a virtue and patience will have its reward soon.

Plan ahead. It has been said that you spontaneous seldom works well. This is indeed true because you can't do two things at a time. With this, it is important to plan your actions first before you will implement your actions.

All the above mentioned ways when followed will lead to a fun-filled training. All you need to do is to love, respect and have passion for your dogs so that you will have obedience training for dogs smoothly.

Anne Castle is an experienced Shih Tzu dog trainer who reflects her personal style of training through the articles she writes about Shih Tzu dog training and behaviors. Find out more about "Obedience Training for Dog" and get your eBook FREE at http://www.shihtzudogtraining.com/free-report/.

Written by Anne Castle using tags: , , ,

Dogs make for fantastic cuddling companions for sure. But, apart from being your cuddly toy, they can also serve as a guard or even as a hunting companion. However, not all dog breeds are blessed with hunting skills. Your pet needs to be rough and tough if you want him to accompany you on your hunting spree. Here are a handful of great dog hunting breeds that you have.

The 1st name that comes to mind in this regard is Labrador Retriever. You must have often seen this dog specie along with security personnel. This famous dog breed in United States is well known to be the ideal hunting companion owing to its high intelligence level. The perfect part is that such species are very easy to train and since they have a brilliant temperament, having them around even in difficult hunting conditions isn't an ordeal. Their web like feet makes the hunting task of swimming and catching prey even more easier.

With most dog breeds, you might have to bother about the weather before you take them out for hunting. The reason for the same is that there are several dog breeds who may suffer from health troubles when taken out in humid or severe weather conditions. However, this is not the case with Labradors. They have a moisture repellent coat, which makes them a great hunting companion even during humid or rainy seasons. Go hunting with this dog and you will not miss your yoga session.

German shorthaired pointer is another well-known hunting dog breed. This dog specie is perfect suited for folks who love to go hunting pretty frequently. Since this breed is a versatile and adaptable hunter, it could hunt both, on land and water with equal ease. This dog breed is mostly meant for hunting birds by chasing them. Nevertheless, they are talented enough to even hunt down animals. It can help you track the exact location of the prey, thus making your hunting expeditions pretty simpler. This intelligent dog breed could comfortably understand and carry out your orders.

Another very well-known hunting breed is the English springer spaniel. This dog breed has become a hot pick in the hunting world off late. For those who prefer hunting for birds, this one can be the perfect option. They are excellent at flushing out birds from their hiding places, and give their owners enough opportunities to shoot. They have significantly powerful legs and a very high energy level. It is for this reason that this dog breed is hard to feel tired even after a long day in the hunting ground. Run with this dog and you are certain to get rid of weight. For faster outcomes, try Dietrine Carb Blocker.

So, the next time you go hunting; do not forget to take along any of the given hunting dog companions.

Here are a few more ways to know about Yoga Session and Dietrine Carb Blocker.

Written by Katie S. May using tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Dog training tips are what we are looking for when we want a dog that can be ours to keep. I believe that dogs can be trained according to what we want them to be. With proper dog training, they can be our personal guard or our best friend or even our entertainer. Just like a child, when you want them to be the man you want them to be, then you should start training them early. For some, they want their dogs to be trained because they want them to be domesticated. But then again, how you train them will last for the rest of their lives.

Dogs are like humans. It is best to train them while they are young. When they are young, they are very eager to learn and will just glad to follow what you will ask from them. But of course, since they are young, you need to accompany your training with love and passion not because they need it but because you want them to feel that they are also loved. But please be reminded that they are dogs and you need to let them feel that you are the boss and you are the leader. It must be established clearly that you are the authority.

Dogs are cute and very lovable. But even if that is the case, you should never forget that you need to have boundaries. You need to make limitations so that training would go smoothly. Remember that dogs are very assertive. In training, you need to sound authoritative and let them feel that you are in command.

One more thing that you should think is that dogs are autonomous. They have an attitude that they wanted to be free, and this serve as a hindrance for the training you are given to them. The wanted to be alone, once they are castigated they just left. If you feel that your dogs were having this kind of behaviour, then should go into another way of training them. Applying force is no good so this should be avoided. Giving them corrections violently will lead unwanted results, you are must making your training useless. Another effect of this is they could hardly be obedient with your instructions. If they could hardly follow your instructions, just longer your patience till such time they tend to follow your commands.

Once you know that you have an independent dog, it would be nice to use "rewards" method. In this method, you will always have a reward ready for the dog every time you will have a command. But first, you need to know what reward they like best and take advantage of it. With proper training using this method, I am sure that you will have a smooth training.

A dominant dog is another hard to train dog. They don't want to be bossed around. They don't want to take orders by anybody and will just show discontent. But this doesn't mean that they are not trainable. They are still trainable. All you need to do is to establish your authority. It must be clear to the dog that you are the leader and everything else will follow. Remember that they are still a dog and they will always look for a leader. Once you have clearly established your leadership, these dog training tips will surely be helpful to you and your dog.

Anne Castle is an experienced Shih Tzu dog trainer who reflects her personal style of training through the articles she writes about Shih Tzu dog training and behaviors. Find out more about "Dog Training Tips" and get your eBook FREE at http://www.shihtzudogtraining.com/free-report/.

Written by Anne Castle using tags: , ,