Glofish do not exist in nature. They were created in a laboratory. No, you are not seeing things. You may not read about it on the front page of USA Today. You may not hear about it on a television commercial break that ends with the words, "film at 11." BUT... whether you realize it or not there have been over 660 patents issued on biogenetically engineered animals in the USA alone. And that number is growing every year. Transgenic animals are being patented like the never before seen, latest feature on a microwave oven or the next generation of digital music player. The difference is that here we are talking about living, breathing organisms rather than motherboards and microchips.

The Golfish just turned 10 years old. Happy birthbay! Just a decade ago there was no such thing as a Glofish. What exactly would be the purpose for making a fish glow? Good question, especially if you stop to consider how much easier they would for a potential predator to find and decide they might make a tasty snack. But the goal was not to create a fish that screamed out, "Here I am. Come eat me." Nor was it to create an entirely new species for the thriving global ornamental fish industry. In fact, monetary gain did not come into play at all when in 1999 when Dr. Zhiyuan Gong and his team of bioengineers at NSU (the National University of Singapore) decide to genetically modify a preexisting freshwater species of fish to make it glow. So if eradicating a nuisance species by making it more easily detectable, or accumulating a vast fortune by creating a "must have" novelty item for the hungry fish hobbyist market was not the objective, then what was? As incredulous as it may sound, the objective was to create a fish that would selectively luminescence when it came into contact with environmental contaminants. Hmmm... a fish that fights pollution by tracking industrial ecological offenders to their source, we might be on to something here! Do you think it was a sheer coincidence that the first Glofish ever created was GREEN?

So exactly what is involved in creating a species that is biologically designed to help save the planet? The logical first step is to engineer a fish that glows to begin with. Once you have a fish that glows then you can set about tackling the issue of selective bioluminescence.

These are the obstacles Dr. Zhiyuan Gong and his colleagues decided to overcome in 1999. The first step was to select a fish. The geneticists chose the Brachydanio reri a rather small fish in the minnow family native to India. This species is more commonly known as a zebra danio or zebrafish because of it distinctive horizontal stripping. Zebrafish are raised on fish farms in Singapore for export so their eggs were readily available.

With the selection process complete it was now time to initiate phase one of the process of creating the world's fist aquatic toxic avenger. The genetics team integrated a bioluminescent gene found in crystal jellyfish known as GFP (Green Flourescent Protein) into a fertilized zebrafish egg and allowed it to gestate. The introduction of this gene into the embryo's genome produced fluorescent green zebrafish. Experimentation with a variation of GFP resulted in yellow fluorescing fish. RFP (Red Flourescent Protein) found in certain species of sea coral added yet another twist in the spectrum of what was soon to be called Glofish.

The creation of the world's first florescent fish was bound to draw some attention. It did not take long for news of NUS's success to reach the desks of entrepreneurs Alan Blake and Richard Crockett. They wasted no time in sewing up exclusive worldwide rights for the sell of Glofish. Yorktown Technologies of Austin, Texas then went to work commercially raising Glofish for the thriving aquarium trade industry. Fortunately for Blake and Crockett, fish farms for the production of zebra danios had been in existence in the southern parts of United States since as early as the 30s. It was not much of a leap to raise a species that is only a single gene removed.

Glofish were slated to hit the market in late 2003. The question now becomes how should both national and regional governmental agencies react to the idea of a genetically engineered organism being unleashed on the general public? The European Union outright banned the sell of all genetically modified organisms within its member countries. The distribution or possession of Glofish is also prohibited in Canada, Australia, and Japan. Glofish are legal in 49 states in the U.S. The State of California issued the Environmental Quality Act to halt the sell of GloFish before they were even available to the public. Who would have thought something as benign as an ornamental aquarium fish would create such a stir? Ironically, fluorescing quickly became top sellers within the aquarium trade in most of Asia and in the U.S.

There is far more to consider here than just the subject of genetic manipulation. Environmentalists have longed cautioned on the unforeseen and possibly devastating consequences of introducing an unknown factor into an established ecosystem. The sell of piranha is illegal in most of the United States and much of the world for fear that one of the most predacious species in existence will suddenly and irreversibly establish itself as the number one predator at the top of the food chain. Common sense dictates that this is perhaps the most extreme example one could come up with. While this is true, there are a number of instances relating to a new species being introduced into previously uninhabited aquatic eco-system. The southern platyfish of Central America has established feral populations in Florida, Montana, Columbia, Singapore and Hong Kong. Hong Kong ecologists have indicated that the introduction of this species inflicted serious damage on its freshwater ecosystems. The sword tail, another popular aquarium fish native to both North and South America, has reproduced at such an alarming rate that its presence is threatening the indigenous freshwater species of both Africa and Australia. Both of these species introductions into previously uninhabited waters are aquarium trade related. Fish are not like an item in your local supermarket. Once they have made their way into the wild they can't be subject to a product recall and quickly pulled off the shelf.

Do Glofish pose a threat? The end of World War II marked beginning of an explosion in the aquarium trade industry. There is only a single gene separating Glofish from their natural counterpart, zebra danio. Over 200 million of these fish have been imported and sold in the U.S. alone over the past half century. Zebrafish are incapable of surviving the temperate water conditions in all but the most southern states. To date, there has not been a single report of an established reproducing population in the wild anywhere in the United States.

A lot has happened since Glofish first hit the market in 2003. In the name of progress scientists have created fluorescing pigs, rabbits, dogs and cats. I'm not sure how I would react if I suddenly realized that my daughter's cat just gave birth to a litter of kittens that glowed under a black light. Although I'm willing to be that she would think it was the coolest thing since Sponge Bob Square Pants. Fish, on the other hand, can not impregnate an entire neighborhood if left to prowl freely. If the zebra danio was adaptable enough to become one of the ever growing number of nuisance species as a result of their global exportation they would already be on the list. While the sale of a genetically altered fish simply because they look prettier than their "natural" counterparts may be ethically questionable, they are strikingly beautiful fish. It almost begs the question, "How many times have you upgraded a cell phone in perfect working order simply because the new model cooler, was more compact, or everyone in the office had a newer model than yours?

Glofish are ideal for smaller aquariums. They would look fantastic in a desktop nano fish tank. If you found this article interesting, discover more reliable information about the most popular freshwater aquarium fish by going to our Online fish guide.

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Written by Stephen J Broy using tags: aquariums, family, Fish, fish tanks, Home, Pets